How does a jellyfish sting?
今日はTED-Edのスクリプトを読んでいきます。
CCの範囲内で利用します。
最後に元の動画へのurlがあります。
You're swimming in the ocean when something brushes your leg. When the tingling sets in, you realize you've been stung by a jellyfish.
tinglingチクチクする痛み
set in始まる,入り込む
How do these beautiful, gelatinous creatures pack such a painful punch?
gelatinousゼラチンの
pack NPを伴う、持っている
pack a punch〔酒などが〕強い効き目がある
Jellyfish are soft because they are 95% water and are mostly made of a translucent gel-like substance called mesoglea.
translucent半透明の
With such delicate bodies, they rely on thousands of venom-containing stinging cells called cnidocytes for protection and prey capture.
prey capture餌の捕獲
Even baby jellyfish, the size of a pencil eraser, have the ability to sting. Larval jellyfish, ephyrae, look like tiny flowers pulsating in the sea.
Larval幼生の
As they grow, they become umbrella-shaped with a bell at the top and descending tentacles around the margin.
descending下向きの
The largest species of jellyfish, the lion's mane, has tentacles that can extend more than 100 feet, longer than a blue whale.
maneたてがみ
a blue whaleシロナガスクジラ(青いのね)
These tentacles contain most of the stinging cells, although some species have them on their bells, too. Venom is ejected via a nematocyst, a whip-like hollow tubule, which lies coiled under high osmotic pressure.
a nematocyst刺胞(というらしい)ˈnɛm ə təˌsɪst
a tubule小管
coil NPをぐるぐる巻きにする
osmotic pressure浸透圧
When mechanical or chemical stimuli activate an external trigger, the lid of the cell pops open and sea water rushes in.
stimuli←a stimulus刺激
a chemical stimulus化学的刺激
an external trigger外部誘因
lid蓋
pop openぱっと開く
This forces a microscopic barbed harpoon to shoot out, penetrate and inject venom into its victim.
microscopic極小の
barb NPにとげを付ける
barbedとげのある
a harpoon皮下注射器
shoot out射出する
Nematocyst discharge can occur in less than a millionth of a second, making it one of nature's fastest biomechanical processes.
discharge 放出,発射
a millionth of a second：100万分の1秒
Nematocysts can continue to fire even after a jellyfish has died, so it's important to remove lingering tentacles stuck to the skin.
linger長引く
lingering 延々と続く
Rinsing with vinegar will usually render undischarged nematocysts inactive.
render OCにする
Seawater can also help remove residual nematocysts.
residual 残った
But don't use fresh water because any change in salt balance alters the osmotic pressure outside of the cnidocyte and will trigger the nematocyst to fire. That's why urinating on the affected area, a common folk remedy, may do more harm than good, depending on the composition of the urine.
urine尿
urinate on NPにおしっこをかける
a folk remedy民間療法
Most jellyfish stings are a painful nuisance, but some can be deadly.
a nuisance不快で嫌なもの
An Indo-Pacific box jelly, also called a sea wasp, releases venom which can cause contraction of the heart muscles and rapid death in large doses.
a wasp餌を狩る蜂
contraction of the heart心収縮
contraction収縮,縮小
in large doses大量に(今回は大量ならば の意味)
There's an anti-venom, but the venom is fast-acting, so you'd need immediate medical intervention.
an anti-venom血清
fast-acting即効性の
medical intervention治療の介入
Despite the impressive power in their tentacles, jellies aren't invincible.
invincible無敵の
Their stinging cells are no match for the armor of thick-skin predators, like the leatherback turtle and ocean sunfish.
be no match for NPにかなわない
ocean sunfishマンボウ
These predators both have adaptations that prevents slippery jellyfish from escaping after they are engulfed: backwards pointing spines in the turtle's mouth and esophagus and recurved teeth behind the sunfish's cheeks.
slipperyすべりやすい
engulf NPを飲み込む
a spineとげ
point ≪方向≫に向く
esophagus食道
recurved後方に反った
Even tiny lobster slipper larvae can cling to the bell of a jellyfish and hitch a ride, snacking on the jelly while they preserve their own energy for growth.
a slipper lobsterセミエビ
larvae←a larva幼生
cling to Oにくっつく
hitch a rideヒッチハイクで車に乗せてもらう
snack on NPを軽食として食べる
preserve A for Bのために蓄える
Small agile fish use the jellies as moving reefs for protection, darting between tentacles without ever touching them. Nudibranchs, which are sea slugs covered in protective slime, can actually steal the jelly's defenses by eating the cnidocytes and transferring them to specialized sacks for later use, as weapons against their own predators.
agile すばやい
a reef岩礁
dart素早く動く
not ever 決して/いつもは…ない
a Nudibranchウミウシ
a slugナメクジ
transfer A to Bに移す
specialized専門の
a sack袋
Even humans might benefit from the sting of a jellyfish one day. Scientists are working on manipulating cnidocytes to deliver medicine, with nematocysts rarely 3% of the size of a typical syringe needle. So, the next time you're out in the ocean, be careful. But also, take a second to marvel at its wonders.
syringe注射器
marvel at Oに驚嘆する
TED-Ed
