ÆSOP'S FABLESのPreface★★★
自信もないですが自分の解釈を記録しようと思います
まずは本文
'Twas the Golden age, when every brute Had voice articulate, in speech was skilled, And the mid-forests with its synods filled. The tongues of rock and pine-leaf then were free; To ship and sailor then would speak the sea; Sparrows with farmers would shrewd talk maintain; Earth gave all fruits, nor asked for toil again. Mortals and gods were wont to mix as friends. To which conclusion all the teaching tends of sage old ÆSOP.
意味に関してはめんどくさそうなので、時間があるときに追記します。今回は構文解析をメインで。
・'Twas the Golden age, when every brute Had voice articulate, in speech was skilled, And the mid-forests with its synods filled.
まず'TwasはIt wasのこと。whenはageを修飾する関係副詞(かな)。every brute Had voice articulateは少し悩みましたが使役のhave O Vと判断しました(どうしてhadは大文字なのでしょう)voiceはits voiceなどにしたいと感じますがこれは別に不要なのか、それとも詩だから無いだけなのでしょうか。, in speech was skilledはまずコンマがそれだけでandの役割を果たしており、主語は前と同じevery brute です。in speechは前置(？)されてます。その次の部分でもこれと同じ構造のためbeが省略されており、また、同じくwith its synodsが前置(？)しています。
まとめるとIt was the Golden age, when every brute had its voice articulate, and was skilled in speech. And the mid-forests were filled with it's synods.という解釈です。
・The tongues of rock and pine-leaf then were free; To ship and sailor then would speak the sea; Sparrows with farmers would shrewd talk maintain; Earth gave all fruits, nor asked for toil again.
thenは先のgolden ageのことです。
二つ目の箇所は最後に主語が来ています。
3つ目がこの文章の肝です。(ここはカバン屋先生にヒント貰った)with farmers はtalkに係り、shrewd talkはmaintainの目的語です。(いわゆるV2語順)最後のnorの用法は辞書であまり見つかりませんが意味は特に問題ないでしょう。ここのagainは否定と結びついて「二度としない」ではなく対比を表す「ところが一方」の意味でしょう。
まとめるとThe tongues of rock jnd pine-leaf then were free.The sea would speak to ships and sailors. Sparrows would maintain shrewd talk with farmers. Earth gave fruits, but didn't ask for toil again.です。
・Mortals and gods were wont to mix as friends. To which conclusion all the teaching tends of sage old ÆSOP.
1文目はbe wont to という見慣れない表現以外は問題ないと思います。２文目は文頭にくるwhichということで珍しいと思います。しかも前置詞がつきの関係形容詞です。先行詞はこれまでの内容全てと考えて良いと思います。気になる方は現代英文法講義や読むための英文法でしっかりと解説されているので読んでみてください。of sage old ÆSOPは主語のall the teachingからの外置(extraposition from NP)です。
まとめるとMortals and gods were wont to mix as friends. All the teaching of sage old ÆSOP tends to this conclusion.です。
なにかミスや見落としがあれば教えてください
ÆSOP'S FABLES の★★★まとめ
まとめますね。
・THE STAG LOOKING INTO THE
POOL.
https://aesopreading.hatenablog.com/entry/2021/08/22/025047
・THE WOLF AND THE LAMB.
https://aesopreading.hatenablog.com/entry/2021/08/22/031633
・THE PEACOCK'S COMPLAINT.
https://aesopreading.hatenablog.com/entry/2021/08/22/032730
・THE ANT AND THE FLY.
https://aesopreading.hatenablog.com/entry/2021/08/22/034916
・THE BROTHER AND SISTER.
https://aesopreading.hatenablog.com/entry/2021/08/22/055900
10月号「英文解釈演習室」の答案
提出期限が過ぎましたので自分の回答を晒したいと思います。
【】の部分は、書くつもりなのに提出する際に忘れてしまった箇所です。
自分でいろいろと補って和訳や翻訳になっていないかもしれませんが今回はこれで提出して様子見します。それをもとに次回は更に成長。
かつて我々はライフル中隊の各隊員に対して、「なぜ海兵隊に入隊したのか。」という聞き取り調査を行ったが、彼らの大多数が回答のなかで『トリポリの海岸まで』の名前を挙げた。この映画の中では当時の軍服としてドレス・ブルーがずっと着用されており、また、地上への一時帰還申請は必ず認められていた。戦闘はちょっとした冒険であり、勲章を輝かせて帰還した暁には、きっとベッドでモーリーン・オハラのような海兵隊看護婦が迎えてくれるだろう、そんな幻想を観客に抱かせるという隠【さ】れた狙いがこの描写にはあった。『硫黄島の砂』にてストライカー軍曹役のジョン・ウェインが銀幕に登場したのは『トリポリの海岸まで』の頃と打って変わって平和な時代であったが、この映画は『トリポリの海岸まで』が暗に示そうとしたものをあからさまにしてしまっていた。そのため、同じ元海兵隊員と見に行った際には笑いを抑えきれず、我々は劇場から出るように言われてしまった。
沖縄から撤退したあと、私はハワイにあるアイエアハイツ海兵隊病院においてウェインが苦汁をなめる姿を間近で見るという最高の機会に恵まれた。(中略)隊員たちが映画を見られるように、海兵隊の衛生兵が毎晩ストレッチャーを階下にある映画館まで運んでくれていた。そしてある晩、彼らは私たちにサプライズを用意してくれていたのだ。その日は映画が始まる前に幕が上がり、そしてカウボーイ姿のジョン・ウェインが登場した。(中略)彼はカウボーイ気取りのはにかんだ笑顔を見せると、顔を手で覆い、「やあ、みんな！」と言った。しかし、彼を迎えたのは冷めた顔で黙ったままの男たちであった。それから一人が野次を飛ばすと、それを口火に次の瞬間には全員がウェインに対して野次を飛ばしていた。
雑誌『英語教育』の英文解釈演習教室について
現在は雑誌『英語教室』のコーナーである英文解釈演習教室に取り組んでいます。
すでに大枠はできており、あとは微調整の段階です。
構造的な難点はないものの1段落目の真意を理解するためにwikiやら海外のサイトを読み、2段落目は現代英文法講義に活躍してもらいました。
どの程度まで工夫していいのかわかりませんが、今回はブレーキを外して原文に縛られずに書きました。(和訳ないし翻訳ですらないかもしれません。)完全な誤読は0のつもり。
CDGEの進捗について
DeclerkのCDGEを読み始めて3日目
もともとの遅読に加えてほとんど時間を割けていないことからやっと1章が読み終わりました。
このペースでも単純計算で9月末には読み終えるはず
これからの勉強の方針で
あまり一冊に拘らず、軽く読んだら他の文法書に移り、複数読むことによって文法をちゃんと理解したいです
じゃないといつまで経っても一冊目も卒業できなくなる
THE SCIENCE OF SPICE
TED-Edのスクリプトを読んでいきます。
CCの範囲内で利用します。
最後に元の動画へのurlがあります。
Why does your mouth feel like it's on fire
when you eat a spicy pepper? And how do you soothe the burn?
soothe NPを和らげる
Why does wasabi make your eyes water?
water涙を流す
And how spicy is the spiciest spice? Let's back up a bit. First, what is spiciness? Even though we often say that something tastes spicy,
it's not actually a taste, like sweet or salty or sour. Instead, what's really happening is that certain compounds in spicy foods
activate the type of sensory neurons
called polymodal nociceptors.
nociceptors侵害受容器
You have these all over your body, including your mouth and nose, and they're the same receptors that are activated by extreme heat.
a receptor受容器
So, when you eat a chili pepper, your mouth feels like it's burning
because your brain actually thinks it's burning. The opposite happens when you eat something with menthol in it. The cool, minty compound
is activating your cold receptors.
a cold receptor冷受容器
When these heat-sensitive receptors are activated, your body thinks it's in contact with a dangerous heat source and reacts accordingly.
be in contact with NPと接触している
a heat source熱源
This is why you start to sweat, and your heart starts beating faster. The peppers have elicited the same fight-or-flight response with which your body reacts to most threats.
elicit NPを引き起こす
a fight-or-flight response闘争・逃避反応
But you may have noticed that not all spicy foods are spicy in the same way. And the difference lies in the types of compounds involved. The capsaicin and piperine, found in black pepper and chili peppers, are made up of larger, heavier molecules called alkylamides, and those mostly stay in your mouth. Mustard, horseradish, and wasabi are made up of smaller molecules, called isothiocyanates, that easily float up into your sinuses.
horseradish西洋わさび
a sinus鼻の後ろにある頭蓋骨のくぼみ
This is why chili peppers burn your mouth, and wasabi burns your nose.
The standard measure of a food's spiciness is its rating on the Scoville scale, which measures how much its capsaicin content can be diluted
before the heat is no longer detectable to humans.
rating評価
dilute NPを希釈する
A sweet bell pepper gets 0 Scoville heat units, while Tabasco sauce clocks in between 1,200-2,400 units.
clock in at NPを記録する
The race to create the hottest pepper is a constant battle, but two peppers generally come out on top: The Trinidad Moruga Scorpion
and the Carolina Reaper.
come out on top頂点に立つ
These peppers measure between 1.5 and 2 million Scoville heat units,
which is about half the units found in pepper spray.
measure Cの大きさがある
So, why would anyone want to eat something that causes such high levels of pain? Nobody really knows when or why
humans started eating hot peppers. Archaeologists have found spices like mustard along with human artifacts dating as far back as 23,000 years ago.
an Archaeologist考古学者
date back to NPに遡る
But they don't know whether the spices were used
for food or medication or just decoration.
More recently, a 6,000 year old crockpot, lined with charred fish and meat, also contained mustard.
a crockpot電気鍋(今回はただの鍋)
S be lined with NP:SにNPがずらっと並べられている
char NPを黒焦げにする,炭化する
One theory says that humans starting adding spices to food to kill off bacteria. And some studies show that spice developed mostly in warmer climates where microbes also happen to be more prevalent.
prevalent普及している
But why we continue to subject ourselves to spicy food today is still a bit of a mystery.
subject A to Bに晒す
For some people, eating spicy food is like riding rollercoasters; they enjoy the ensuing thrill, even if the immediate sensation is unpleasant.
roller coastersジェットコースターの一種
ensue結果として起きる
sensation感覚
Some studies have even shown that those who like to eat hot stuff are more likely to enjoy other adrenaline-rich activities, like gambling. The taste for spicy food may even be genetic.
taste for NPへの好み
And if you're thinking about training a bit, to up your tolerance for spice,
know this: According to some studies, the pain doesn't get any better.
up NPを増やす
tolerance忍耐力
You just get tougher. In fact, researchers have found that people who like to eat spicy foods don't rate the burn any less painful than those who don't. They just seem to like the pain more. So, torment your heat receptors all you want, but remember, when it comes to spicy food,
you're going to get burned.
torment NPを苦しめる
all you wantが明らかに副詞節として用いられているため、調べてみるとちょうどそれを扱っている論考がありました。
海外ドラマのセリフから見た辞書では分からない会話表現,多田羅 平,「欧米文化研究」第２6号 2019年
https://ir.lib.hiroshima-.ac.jp/files/public/4/48870/20200325143241485262/OubeiBunkaKenkyu_26_3.pdf
内容をまとめてみます。
all you want: 基本的に命令文や許可あるいは軽い“命令”を与える"You can …"といった表現のなかで副詞節として用いられ。「好きなだけ、気のすむまで/勝手だが」といった意味になる。
all the nightやall told「全体的に言えば」などと似た表現と分析されるようです。
他の表現も流し読みしかしていませんが、まとめます。
stay with me「私と一緒にいて」→「しっかりして、死ぬな」
Who wants to know? 「知りたがっているのは誰だ」→質問してくる相手に対して「そういう あなたは誰だ」
THE SCIENCE OF SPICE ローズ・エベレス
How does a jellyfish sting?
今日はTED-Edのスクリプトを読んでいきます。
CCの範囲内で利用します。
最後に元の動画へのurlがあります。
You're swimming in the ocean when something brushes your leg. When the tingling sets in, you realize you've been stung by a jellyfish.
tinglingチクチクする痛み
set in始まる,入り込む
How do these beautiful, gelatinous creatures pack such a painful punch?
gelatinousゼラチンの
pack NPを伴う、持っている
pack a punch〔酒などが〕強い効き目がある
Jellyfish are soft because they are 95% water and are mostly made of a translucent gel-like substance called mesoglea.
translucent半透明の
With such delicate bodies, they rely on thousands of venom-containing stinging cells called cnidocytes for protection and prey capture.
prey capture餌の捕獲
Even baby jellyfish, the size of a pencil eraser, have the ability to sting. Larval jellyfish, ephyrae, look like tiny flowers pulsating in the sea.
Larval幼生の
As they grow, they become umbrella-shaped with a bell at the top and descending tentacles around the margin.
descending下向きの
The largest species of jellyfish, the lion's mane, has tentacles that can extend more than 100 feet, longer than a blue whale.
maneたてがみ
a blue whaleシロナガスクジラ(青いのね)
These tentacles contain most of the stinging cells, although some species have them on their bells, too. Venom is ejected via a nematocyst, a whip-like hollow tubule, which lies coiled under high osmotic pressure.
a nematocyst刺胞(というらしい)ˈnɛm ə təˌsɪst
a tubule小管
coil NPをぐるぐる巻きにする
osmotic pressure浸透圧
When mechanical or chemical stimuli activate an external trigger, the lid of the cell pops open and sea water rushes in.
stimuli←a stimulus刺激
a chemical stimulus化学的刺激
an external trigger外部誘因
lid蓋
pop openぱっと開く
This forces a microscopic barbed harpoon to shoot out, penetrate and inject venom into its victim.
microscopic極小の
barb NPにとげを付ける
barbedとげのある
a harpoon皮下注射器
shoot out射出する
Nematocyst discharge can occur in less than a millionth of a second, making it one of nature's fastest biomechanical processes.
discharge 放出,発射
a millionth of a second：100万分の1秒
Nematocysts can continue to fire even after a jellyfish has died, so it's important to remove lingering tentacles stuck to the skin.
linger長引く
lingering 延々と続く
Rinsing with vinegar will usually render undischarged nematocysts inactive.
render OCにする
Seawater can also help remove residual nematocysts.
residual 残った
But don't use fresh water because any change in salt balance alters the osmotic pressure outside of the cnidocyte and will trigger the nematocyst to fire. That's why urinating on the affected area, a common folk remedy, may do more harm than good, depending on the composition of the urine.
urine尿
urinate on NPにおしっこをかける
a folk remedy民間療法
Most jellyfish stings are a painful nuisance, but some can be deadly.
a nuisance不快で嫌なもの
An Indo-Pacific box jelly, also called a sea wasp, releases venom which can cause contraction of the heart muscles and rapid death in large doses.
a wasp餌を狩る蜂
contraction of the heart心収縮
contraction収縮,縮小
in large doses大量に(今回は大量ならば の意味)
There's an anti-venom, but the venom is fast-acting, so you'd need immediate medical intervention.
an anti-venom血清
fast-acting即効性の
medical intervention治療の介入
Despite the impressive power in their tentacles, jellies aren't invincible.
invincible無敵の
Their stinging cells are no match for the armor of thick-skin predators, like the leatherback turtle and ocean sunfish.
be no match for NPにかなわない
ocean sunfishマンボウ
These predators both have adaptations that prevents slippery jellyfish from escaping after they are engulfed: backwards pointing spines in the turtle's mouth and esophagus and recurved teeth behind the sunfish's cheeks.
slipperyすべりやすい
engulf NPを飲み込む
a spineとげ
point ≪方向≫に向く
esophagus食道
recurved後方に反った
Even tiny lobster slipper larvae can cling to the bell of a jellyfish and hitch a ride, snacking on the jelly while they preserve their own energy for growth.
a slipper lobsterセミエビ
larvae←a larva幼生
cling to Oにくっつく
hitch a rideヒッチハイクで車に乗せてもらう
snack on NPを軽食として食べる
preserve A for Bのために蓄える
Small agile fish use the jellies as moving reefs for protection, darting between tentacles without ever touching them. Nudibranchs, which are sea slugs covered in protective slime, can actually steal the jelly's defenses by eating the cnidocytes and transferring them to specialized sacks for later use, as weapons against their own predators.
agile すばやい
a reef岩礁
dart素早く動く
not ever 決して/いつもは…ない
a Nudibranchウミウシ
a slugナメクジ
transfer A to Bに移す
specialized専門の
a sack袋
Even humans might benefit from the sting of a jellyfish one day. Scientists are working on manipulating cnidocytes to deliver medicine, with nematocysts rarely 3% of the size of a typical syringe needle. So, the next time you're out in the ocean, be careful. But also, take a second to marvel at its wonders.
syringe注射器
marvel at Oに驚嘆する
TED-Ed
