THE SCIENCE OF SPICE
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Why does your mouth feel like it's on fire
when you eat a spicy pepper? And how do you soothe the burn?
soothe NPを和らげる
Why does wasabi make your eyes water?
water涙を流す
And how spicy is the spiciest spice? Let's back up a bit. First, what is spiciness? Even though we often say that something tastes spicy,
it's not actually a taste, like sweet or salty or sour. Instead, what's really happening is that certain compounds in spicy foods
activate the type of sensory neurons
called polymodal nociceptors.
nociceptors侵害受容器
You have these all over your body, including your mouth and nose, and they're the same receptors that are activated by extreme heat.
a receptor受容器
So, when you eat a chili pepper, your mouth feels like it's burning
because your brain actually thinks it's burning. The opposite happens when you eat something with menthol in it. The cool, minty compound
is activating your cold receptors.
a cold receptor冷受容器
When these heat-sensitive receptors are activated, your body thinks it's in contact with a dangerous heat source and reacts accordingly.
be in contact with NPと接触している
a heat source熱源
This is why you start to sweat, and your heart starts beating faster. The peppers have elicited the same fight-or-flight response with which your body reacts to most threats.
elicit NPを引き起こす
a fight-or-flight response闘争・逃避反応
But you may have noticed that not all spicy foods are spicy in the same way. And the difference lies in the types of compounds involved. The capsaicin and piperine, found in black pepper and chili peppers, are made up of larger, heavier molecules called alkylamides, and those mostly stay in your mouth. Mustard, horseradish, and wasabi are made up of smaller molecules, called isothiocyanates, that easily float up into your sinuses.
horseradish西洋わさび
a sinus鼻の後ろにある頭蓋骨のくぼみ
This is why chili peppers burn your mouth, and wasabi burns your nose.
The standard measure of a food's spiciness is its rating on the Scoville scale, which measures how much its capsaicin content can be diluted
before the heat is no longer detectable to humans.
rating評価
dilute NPを希釈する
A sweet bell pepper gets 0 Scoville heat units, while Tabasco sauce clocks in between 1,200-2,400 units.
clock in at NPを記録する
The race to create the hottest pepper is a constant battle, but two peppers generally come out on top: The Trinidad Moruga Scorpion
and the Carolina Reaper.
come out on top頂点に立つ
These peppers measure between 1.5 and 2 million Scoville heat units,
which is about half the units found in pepper spray.
measure Cの大きさがある
So, why would anyone want to eat something that causes such high levels of pain? Nobody really knows when or why
humans started eating hot peppers. Archaeologists have found spices like mustard along with human artifacts dating as far back as 23,000 years ago.
an Archaeologist考古学者
date back to NPに遡る
But they don't know whether the spices were used
for food or medication or just decoration.
More recently, a 6,000 year old crockpot, lined with charred fish and meat, also contained mustard.
a crockpot電気鍋(今回はただの鍋)
S be lined with NP:SにNPがずらっと並べられている
char NPを黒焦げにする,炭化する
One theory says that humans starting adding spices to food to kill off bacteria. And some studies show that spice developed mostly in warmer climates where microbes also happen to be more prevalent.
prevalent普及している
But why we continue to subject ourselves to spicy food today is still a bit of a mystery.
subject A to Bに晒す
For some people, eating spicy food is like riding rollercoasters; they enjoy the ensuing thrill, even if the immediate sensation is unpleasant.
roller coastersジェットコースターの一種
ensue結果として起きる
sensation感覚
Some studies have even shown that those who like to eat hot stuff are more likely to enjoy other adrenaline-rich activities, like gambling. The taste for spicy food may even be genetic.
taste for NPへの好み
And if you're thinking about training a bit, to up your tolerance for spice,
know this: According to some studies, the pain doesn't get any better.
up NPを増やす
tolerance忍耐力
You just get tougher. In fact, researchers have found that people who like to eat spicy foods don't rate the burn any less painful than those who don't. They just seem to like the pain more. So, torment your heat receptors all you want, but remember, when it comes to spicy food,
you're going to get burned.
torment NPを苦しめる
all you wantが明らかに副詞節として用いられているため、調べてみるとちょうどそれを扱っている論考がありました。
海外ドラマのセリフから見た辞書では分からない会話表現,多田羅 平,「欧米文化研究」第２6号 2019年
https://ir.lib.hiroshima-.ac.jp/files/public/4/48870/20200325143241485262/OubeiBunkaKenkyu_26_3.pdf
内容をまとめてみます。
all you want: 基本的に命令文や許可あるいは軽い“命令”を与える"You can …"といった表現のなかで副詞節として用いられ。「好きなだけ、気のすむまで/勝手だが」といった意味になる。
all the nightやall told「全体的に言えば」などと似た表現と分析されるようです。
他の表現も流し読みしかしていませんが、まとめます。
stay with me「私と一緒にいて」→「しっかりして、死ぬな」
Who wants to know? 「知りたがっているのは誰だ」→質問してくる相手に対して「そういう あなたは誰だ」
THE SCIENCE OF SPICE ローズ・エベレス
